This paper presents results from world-wide and Serbian literature in the area of poplars inoculation (Populus sp.) with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Responses of poplars cuttings and seedlings to inoculation by different ECM and AM fungi have been investigated in vitro, in pot and field experiments in Europe, North America and Asia. Different results have been obtained depending on examined fungal species and strain and poplar species, cultivar and clones, soil fertility, environmental conditions as well as on the trial duration. Results suggested that mycorrhizal symbiosis could improve growth of poplar trees, especially on disturbed sites. Incorporation of inoculation of Populus sp. with appropriate mycorrhizal fungi and selected bacteria (MHB and PGPB) into commercial nursery system could improve the establishment of poplars in various sites.