Cytogenetics is a field of genetics which investigates relations between chromosomes and cell behavior, particularly during mitosis and meiosis. Rapid development and great interest in cytogenetics occur in the middle of the last century when DNA was discovered. Nowadays, there is a plenty of molecular and genetic methods which examine chromosomes and cell behaviors. Since 1970’s, methods of banding (G, Q, R, C), which are still widely used today to identify chromosomes in plant and human diagnostics, since they provide important information not only on the numerous state of chromosome or genome size, but also on changes in the hereditary basis of one organism. The application of these methods enhanced the knowledge not only of the morphology and number of chromosomes, but also of method of inheritance and the level of resistance to environmental factors in different plant species. The aim of this paper was to analyze the previous results in the field of forest cytogenetics, as well as to examine the possibilities of applying chromosomal cytology and its methodologies in breeding and selection of economically important forest species.